Economic and environmental impacts of agricultural non-tariff measures: evidence based on <i>ad valorem</i> equivalent estimates

Non-tariff measures as hidden barriers to agricultural trade would not only result in production and welfare distortions due the international relocation of activities along value chain, but also yield subsequent consequences both scale distribution carbon emissions from agri-food system. This paper estimates ad valorem equivalents non-tariff using a gravity model combination with detailed bilateral data 2001-2019, incorporates estimations Global Trade Analysis Project multi-regional input-output table Eora26 quantify economic environmental impacts measures. We show that while tariff are on average positive for all types measures, there substantial heterogeneities across countries products. The extra imposed by these increase domestic agriculture-related sectors most agriculture importing countries, vice versa major exporters. Meanwhile, they reduce global at amount 16 millions US dollars particular, key imposers targeting markets Carbon system tend about 1% around world, especially larger food processing industry developed countries. Our confirms lead It thus calls urgent needs promote further reforms regime policy coordination facilitate transformation more integration sustainability.